If you have a working system, you can just skip part 1 to 5.
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Boot up a Ubuntu live-cd macthing the version you are using.
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Mount your normal system partition. X is the drive letter. Y is the partition number:
sudo mount /dev/sdXY /mnt
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Only if you have a separate boot partition (where sdYY is the /boot partition designation):
sudo mount /dev/sdYY /mnt/boot
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Mount the critical virtual filesystems.
for i in /dev /dev/pts /proc /sys /run; do sudo mount -B $i /mnt$i; done
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Chroot into your normal system device:
sudo chroot /mnt
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Reinstall GRUB 2 (substitute the correct device with sda, sdb, etc. Do not specify a partition number):
grub-install --recheck /dev/sdX
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Install ubuntu kernel (Internet is required)
apt-get install --reinstall linux-image-$(uname -r)
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Recreate the GRUB 2 menu file (grub.cfg)
update-grub
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Exit chroot:
CTRL-D
on keyboardsudo reboot